Fixed income

Bond basics: How interest rates affect bond yields

May 14, 2026 - 6 min

Bonds can be a core component of fixed-income investing, yet their performance is closely tied to interest rates. Here, we explain bond basics, including what bond yields are and how changes in interest rates can affect bond prices and income potential.

Key takeaways

Bond prices and interest rates move in opposite directions: Rising rates can pressure prices, while falling rates usually support them.
The Federal Reserve (the Fed) plays a central role in shaping interest rates as it pursues its dual mandate of maximum employment and price stability.
Changing rate environments can create volatility but also opportunity, making it important for investors to understand how bonds behave across rate cycles.

Bonds and interest rates

Bonds are debt securities issued by governments and corporations to fund their operations. Investors can purchase bonds from the issuer, who is then required to make interest payments on a regular schedule over a set number of years. (This is why bond investments are also known as fixed income.) The amount of interest paid reflects the prevailing interest-rate environment at the time of issuance and is fixed over the life of the bond. This is where inflation concerns may enter the equation.

Bond prices, coupons, and yields

Regardless of whether a bond is issued by a government or a corporation, the mechanics of bond pricing are the same. Bonds are issued at a specific rate of interest that the issuer will pay to investors, known as the coupon. Once issued, the coupon never changes, but prevailing interest rates can, which helps explain yield versus interest-rate differences in the bond market. When that happens, an existing bond’s coupon rate may become more or less attractive by comparison, and that affects its price.

When an existing bond has a higher coupon than a newly issued bond, it pays out more income. Investors may be willing to pay more to own it, driving its market price up.
Conversely, when an existing bond has a lower coupon than current rates, investors may find it less appealing, and its market price may go down.

What is a bond yield?

The relationship between a bond’s current price and its coupon is known as its yield, which is the amount of return an investor will realize on a bond, calculated by dividing its face value by its coupon. As market conditions affect a bond’s price, its yield will also change. For example, this chart illustrates the bond price- yield relationship, showing how changes in price affect a bond’s yield.

As bond price declines, yield increases

Source: Natixis Investment Managers

The Fed and interest rates

To understand bond basics, it helps to know something about the U.S. Federal Reserve – the central bank of the United States – and why it adjusts short-term interest rates as a key policy tool. The Fed operates under a dual mandate: to promote maximum employment and maintain price stability. By raising or lowering rates, it seeks to manage inflation while supporting a healthy, sustainable economy.

For bond investors, shifts in rates and yields have clear implications. When rates rise, newly issued bonds tend to offer higher yields, which can put downward pressure on the prices of existing bonds. When rates fall, bond prices generally rise as higher yielding bonds become more attractive. Although changing rate environments can introduce price volatility, understanding rate cycles helps investors evaluate questions (such as, “When is the best time to buy bonds?”) based on objectives rather than market timing.

Government policies and interest-rate decisions can significantly impact bond markets – affecting everything from yields to investor demand. Learn more about how recent policy shifts are influencing bond investing.

Bond quality and credit risk

Not surprisingly, a bond’s quality also has a direct bearing on its price and yield. Bonds are rated by independent agencies, with AAA/Aaa to BBB/Baa considered “investment grade.” These higher-quality bonds generally have a lower yield than non-investment grade or nonrated securities because they are considered more likely to make all their scheduled interest payments. Conversely, lower rated, or “high yield,” bonds pay higher coupon rates because there is a greater possibility that the issuer could default and fail to make payments.

Fixed income investment options

Investors consider fixed income for different reasons: a low-risk anchor for their portfolio, diversification from equities, inflation, or interest-rate concerns, among others. Actively managed fixed-income mutual funds can invest in bonds, notes, and other securities issued by governments and corporations in the US and almost any country in the world. For example:

US government bonds are considered the highest quality and safest, as the US has never defaulted on its debt. Sovereign debt of other countries, such as emerging markets, may be riskier, depending on the country’s economic or political stability.
Corporate bonds, ranging from investment grade to high yield, are typically seen as somewhat riskier than US government bonds and may have higher interest rates to compensate for the additional risk.
Bank loans are debt issued to a company by a bank or similar financial institution and repackaged for sale to investors. As bank loans are typically secured by the issuer’s assets and rank senior to the company’s other debt, they are considered less risky than other fixed-income bonds. They sometimes offer a floating rate feature, where the adjusting rate can be helpful in a rising interest-rate environment.
Municipal bonds are issued by a state, municipality, or county to finance its capital expenditures (e.g., construction of bridges, highways, schools). They are exempt from federal taxes and thus attractive to high-income investors.
Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities, or TIPS, are bonds issued by the US government wherein the principal value increases in line with inflation changes. They aim to protect investors from a loss of purchasing power due to inflation.

Choosing the right bond fund

Specific bond funds may offer one of the fixed-income instruments listed above or some combination thereof. Multisector funds, for example, make tactical allocations to different sectors for added return potential and may help to hedge against interest-rate or volatility risk. Bond funds are offered across an array of risk/return objectives, credit quality (investment grade or high yield), and the desired duration of income needs, from short-term to long-term investments, perhaps for retirement. Funds may also satisfy investors’ desire to support sustainability by integrating environmental, social, and governance, or ESG, considerations into the investment manager’s research and decision-making process.

A fund’s specific investments can vary widely based on the fund’s investment style, risk/return objectives, benchmark, and other factors. As a result, some fixed-income funds may tend to be more stable, while others have greater potential for price fluctuations and growth.

With so many variables to consider, most financial advisors recommend actively managed fixed-income mutual funds for their clients rather than individual bonds. Active bond funds offer experienced professional managers a specified investment objective, diversification, and daily liquidity. For investors seeking exposure to certain fixed-income indices, sectors, duration ranges, etc., the flexibility of actively managed exchange-traded funds may be a consideration.

Be sure to reach out to your financial advisor to discuss the right mix of fixed-income investments for your needs. Depending on your age, risk tolerance, and overall income requirements, your advisor can help you maintain an appropriate level of income diversification in your portfolio.

All investing involves risk, including the risk of loss. Investment risk exists with equity, fixed income, and alternative investments. There is no assurance that any investment will meet its performance objectives or that losses will be avoided.

Fixed income securities may carry one or more of the following risks: credit, interest rate (as interest rates rise, bond prices usually fall), inflation and liquidity.

Mortgage-related and asset-backed securities are subject to the risks of the mortgages and assets underlying the securities. Other related risks include prepayment risk, which is the risk that the securities may be prepaid, potentially resulting in the reinvestment of the prepaid amounts into securities with lower yields.

Below investment grade fixed-income securities may be subject to greater risks (including the risk of default) than other fixed-income securities.

Foreign and emerging market securities may be subject to greater political, economic, environmental, credit, currency and information risks. Foreign securities may be subject to higher volatility than US securities due to varying degrees of regulation and limited liquidity. These risks are magnified in emerging markets.

Currency exchange rates between the US dollar and foreign currencies may cause the value of the fund's investments to decline.

Inflation-protected securities move with the rate of inflation and carry the risk that in deflationary conditions (when inflation is negative), the value of the bond may decrease.

An exchange-traded fund, or ETF, is a marketable security that tracks an index, commodity, bond, or a basket of assets like an index fund. ETFs trade like common stock on a stock exchange and experience price fluctuations throughout the day as they are bought and sold. Short-term fixed income ETFs invest in fixed income securities with durations between one and five years. Unlike passive investments, there are no indexes that an active investment attempts to track or replicate. Thus, the ability of an active investment to achieve its objectives will depend on the effectiveness of the investment manager.

Sustainable investing focuses on investments in companies that relate to certain sustainable development themes and demonstrate adherence to environmental, social and governance (ESG) practices; therefore, the universe of investments may be limited, and an investors may not be able to take advantage of the same opportunities or market trends as investors that do not use such criteria. This could have a negative impact on an investor's overall performance depending on whether such investments are in or out of favor.

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